Wyllis
Comprehensive information store on Wyllis history providing Wyllis company establishing, evolution and current stage development information.
WYLLIS
The Willys company emerged from a small Standard Wheel firm located in Terre Haute town in Indiana state, that was founded in 1903. At first it was producing bicycles, then it expanded its field of production with light automobiles with 1-cylinder engines making 8 horsepower located in the front part, equipped a steering handle instead of a usual steering wheel and massive rubber tires.
The company functioned for two years, and then in 1905 it moved to Indianapolis and was renamed to Overland Automotive Company. Its products improved significantly, although they still produced light open-body 2-seaters, equipped with 2-cylinder engines of 1.3-liter volume making 8 hp and universal-joint drive gear on rear wheels and a regular steering wheel.
This small firm also didnt manage to survive for more than two years. Big financial difficulties led Overland to the very verge of bankruptcy.
Everything would end up at that if John North Willys, a famous Maecenas merchant from Elmira. After investing big money into the company he named it after himself. For producing automobiles the company purchased the workshops of broken Pope-Toledo company and moved to Toledo, Ohio state.
Chasing the leader
For some reasons the Willys title didnt work out from the very beginning, so in 1912 the firm was renamed to Willys-Overland Company. In 1912-1913 Willys released several successful Overland cars with 3.2-liter engines, magneto-electric ignition and 2- or 3-stage gearboxes (models 58 and 59).
In 1914 the new Overland 79 equipped with 4-liter engine joined the rows of the most demanded cars of United States. That very year the company sold 80 thousand that was the highest sales-rate of these years.
Now Willys could afford to incorporate a small Edwards Knight automobile company. During the two years of its existence it managed to develop and release a big automobile titled Knight, equipped with a 4.5-liter engine making 25 hp and a 4-stage gearbox. Then in 1914 it turned into Willys-Knight Company and extended the scope of available car models, which still were produced by a different firm, named Harford, assembling automobiles for Studebaker Company.
Soon another Willys-Knight model appeared equipped with a 6-cylinder 5-liter engine. The little-known Willys-Knight Company kept the honorable 18th place on the market. In 1915 Willys took the second place after Ford for the first and the last time. That was probably the year when her last swan-song was sung.
In 1917 a big model equipped with an 8-cylinder V-shaped engine appeared; its wheelbase was over 3 meters long. But that was too cool for the market. At that time the demand for big cars decreased significantly. Until 1919 Willys assembled only one 4-cylinder car. Yet that didnt discourage the company, so in 1920 they opened a filial in England that was named Willys-Overland Crossly, which assembled automobiles equipped with American 2.4-liter engines or local Morris ones of 1.8-liter volume.
Gradually their business became steady again; after the new automobile RedBird (built 23) was released in 1923, the sales increased to a new record number of 196 thousand. Afterwards Willys never managed to break it.
Encouraged by this great success production of more powerful 6-cylinder models of 3.3 - 3.9 volume making 60 horsepower was started again in 1926; in 1926 Whippet model appeared and became the most successful and popular car. Its 2.2-liter engine stayed the main power unit of many other cars. Simultaneously the scope of other models was being broadened.
One after another numerous new models appeared in the following years: the compact economical Willys-Knight of 60 and 70 horsepower model with index 66; the luxurious elegant Great Schico and the most powerful 87-hp 66B model. At the same time Willys integrated small Stearn-Knight and Falcon-Knight firms and for some time kept on releasing cars under these brands. In 20ies Willys business went well, though of course the firm was far beneath such giants as General Motors, Chrysler and Ford. It was among the top-ten automobile companies of USA, still staying in the shadow Studebaker.
We should keep in mind only the first 3-5 companies determined the main trends of American automobile construction. As for the rest, they stayed the mass-production cars. The Willyses, being durable, reliable and quite conservative, never stood out for remarkable technologies. The primary reasons for production of such cars by this comparatively weak company were market volatility, financial troubles and, of course, the economical depression of the late 20ies.
By the beginning of 30ies only several most powerful models left in the companys product scope. Then their production gradually decreased. Over again Willys was on the verge of bankruptcy. In 1993 it produced only one model, a cheap Willys 77 with slightly curved shapes, fashionable at these times. This model was the only support for Willys right up to the beginning of war.
However it was annually modernized: its body became more aerodynamic; a synchronized gearbox was installed, plus the main hypoid gear and a hydraulic actuator for all its brakes. All these add-ons were just typical for that time, so it didnt provide Willys 77 with any advantages. Willys was still a middling car of American automobile hierarchy.
In 1936 after just another reorganization the company got a new name of Willys-Overland Motors Inc.
In 1939, following the common car trends, Willys Americar appeared. Basically it was the same car as Willys 77, only with a redesigned streamlined body, headlights fit into the front fenders, plus a rather modest radiator enclosure.
Its pity it was born too late. After the beginning of war automobile production in USA was stopped and the company changed its production priorities for the vehicles essential for US Army and US Navy. Americar was redesigned to Willys 442 pickup that was produced all during the 1942-1947 period. Simultaneously Willys 441 van with an engine making 48 horsepower was set to production since 1941.
However, though the war hampered production of streamlined automobile models, exactly a military order brought Willys world fame. And exactly the army jeep model of the war times allowed Willys to be considered one of the greatest world automobile companies.
The legendary jeep
The need for a scout all-terrain vehicle existed in American Army long before and it became even sharper after the Second World War began. After the demand appeared many car companies suggested their versions of such a vehicle, yet neither satisfied the Army. Finally on the 27th of May 1940 the headquarters of US Army set the following requirements for the cross-country vehicle they needed:
55 mph (88 km/h) maximum speed;
5 mph (8 km/h) off-road speed;
18 inches (29 cm) depth of the wade passable at the speed of 3 mph (5 km/h);
45 degree ascent slope;
35 degree descent slope;
All wheel drive;
1300 pounds (585 kilos) dry weight;
600 pounds (270 kilos) carrying capacity;
80 inches (2032 mm) wheelbase;
47 inches (1194 mm) wheel track;
6.3 inches (160 mm) ground clearance.
135 American firms got invitations for participating the tender, but only the small company Bantam managed to meet most of the project requirements listed. The initial version of the vehicle was presented on the 23rd of September 1940 and despite of the fact that it was 330 kilos heavier it was approved and the firm got an order for 70 cars.
Willys also constructed an original design of such an off-road that included all the engineering achievements of Bantam. It was presented to the army officials on the 11th of November, 1940; twelve years later Ford also presented its version. All three vehicles satisfied the requirements set, so each of the firms was ordered 1500 units, the supplies were to be started at the beginning of 1941. They were titled respectively Willys MA, Bantam 40 BRC and Ford GP.
In July 1941 US government decided to use only one car brand. Their choice was Willys MA as the best of these, but it also had to be changed considering the test drive results and the necessity of unification between different firms. Since 1942 the mass production of these vehicles began under Willys MB and Ford GPW brand-names.
The cars of these two firms were almost identical. They were equipped with a standard Willys 77 engine and a 3-stage gearbox. There were four passenger seats in these vehicles; their weight was slightly over 1 ton and they made 105 km/h top speed. Altogether Willys produced over 360 thousand jeeps these years, the greater part of which was used by Soviet Red Army.
Ford produced slightly less, about 270 thousand vehicles; as for Bantam, they produced about one thousand units of their initial 40 BRC model.
At that very time, during the war, the word jeep was created on the basis of the models title GPW. In US English the word jeep (starting with the small letter) still means exactly that military off-road model. Another interesting point is that this title of Ford model was later borrowed by Willys for developing a new car brand-name Jeep.
This army vehicle brought Willys great success and world fame. Thats why in the second half of 40ies as well as during 50ies all the companys works were actually the echoes of its great reputation. Willys clutched at its Jeep as a drowning person clutches at straws. The demand for all-wheel-drives dropped, yet the company couldnt stop after such a starting. Neither could it construct something brand new.
Its numerous after-war cargo-and-passenger and promenade automobiles were considered civic only because they werent colored khaki. Almost the same military car was released as a civic one bearing a CJ (civilian jeep) index. Initially that was CJ2 model, then CJ2A and CJ3A. The only points of difference with the initial model were some insignificant details like bigger headlights with chromium-plated rims, or Company title stamps on the back. For some versions the front-wheel drive was removed.
The Station Wagon and Jeepster models were quite similar to the military versions in terms of exterior design, although their body style was slightly refined. Jeepster was perhaps the most successful attempt to adjust a military off-road vehicle to promenade purposes.
Its transmission and front appearance were borrowed from Station Wagon model, its back fenders from cargo Jeep models. The following Station Wagon and Jeepster models were equipped with a new 6-cylinder engine (first of 2.4-liter volume making 73 hp; in 1950 2.6-liter ones making 75hp).
The post-war years.
At the beginning of 50ies Willys made a serious strategic mistake. The great success of Jeeps turned the company managements heads and they followed the simplest way of development by constructing numerous civic versions of military models, though year after year the popularity of such vehicles decreased.
The American market, untouched by the asperities of war needed not just a simplistic utilitarian vehicle, but a comfortable automobile. 5-seated sedan Willys Aero, released in 1951, was unable to meet this need and satisfy the costumers spoilt by the fashionable products of the leading US companies.
Unable to compete effectively with them, Willys decided to join another small and young, but enormously active company Kaiser Fraser, specialized in production of luxurious high-class automobiles. The amalgamation occurred in April 1953. In fact Henry J. Kaiser purchased all the property of Willys Company and actually turned it into one of divisions of Kaiser Company. This new division was titled Willys Motors, Inc.
At the beginning this alliance was favorable for both companies. Kaiser got an opportunity to extend production of their 140-horsepower model, while Willys could use effectively Kaiser engines. For example, Station Wagon 685 model was equipped with Kaiser engine making 117 hp.
Improved C5 and C6 models superseded military C2 and C3 Jeeps; civic versions of C5 and C6 were developed straight away. In 1954 a Brazilian branch Willys Overland do Brasil was established and started assembling the same Jeep models and some Kaiser ones.
The commercial manipulations and reorganizations took much money, but proved to be ineffective. The state of Willys gradually got even worse. In 1955 production of Kaiser series was stopped; and so did production of Willys own Aero models since 1956. Again Wyllis was left alone with its Jeeps and kept on producing variations of the military model. Since 1863 the company name was changed to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation and all its automobiles were bearing the Jeep brand name. This was Willys brand vanished in USA.
The bad heritage of Willys also affected Kaiser Company. In 60ies it kept on releasing AWD automobiles and even constructed a more comfortable cargo-and-passenger Wagoneer off-road. Besides Kaiser kept on modernizing Jeepster series.
Jeepster Commando model was its response to the demand for sport-utility AWD cars in the market. Following the bad example of Willys they stuck together a new model from two existing ones Jeep CJ and Jeep Wagoneer and positioned it in the market as a universal AWD family car.
However Kaiser was already unable to keep its independence. In 1970 Kaiser-Jeep became a division of American Motors Corporation (AMC) and was renamed to Jeep Corporation.
What is surprising is that production of descendants of the famous Jeep wasnt ceased and moreover in 1972 American Motors released the following model of Jeepster Commando series. Increasing the control over its new division American Motors removed the word Jeepster from its title and changed the front design of the car. The car lost its distinctive look and wasnt accepted by the costumers. In 1973 production of Commando series was stopped.
Brazilian Willys existed slightly longer than American. Initially it thrived through batch production of Aeros, which completely satisfied the less exigent demand of Brazilian costumers. They also constructed a Brazilian Jeep titled Rural Willys.
In 1962 Aero series was modernized. The new automobiles got more up-to-date bodies and 6-cylinder engines with 2 carburetors, diesel was another option. At the same time Brazilian Willys started assembling French Renault automobiles. New sporty Willys Interlagos was born as a result of this cooperation, built on the basis of Renault Alpine.
The best achievement of this branch was comfortable 6-seated Willys Itamarata Executivo equipped with a 3-liter engine making 132 horsepower.
From the very beginning the Brazilian branch of Wyllis released around 65-75 thousand automobiles annually and it would probably prosper if not the weakness of Wyllis headquarters in America that lost its power year after year. Kaiser-Jeep was unable to provide for its foreign division so since 1967 it became dependent on Ford Company.
By 1972 it was through with Wyllis automobiles in Brazil. Aero was its only reminiscent, but it was released under Ford brand. This way Willys trademark completely vanished from automobile world.
As for AMC it was integrated by Chysler Company after its bankruptcy that produces the successor of famous Jeep Jeep Wrangler model, the popularity of which didnt any decrease till now.
For 60 years Willys existed in its native country. And in fact it didnt construct anything worthwhile, save the epochal Jeep, always playing the second roles. However Jeeps made the company world-famous that was just enough for reckoning it among the most prominent automobile firms, made the enormous contribution to development of world motor car construction.
The company functioned for two years, and then in 1905 it moved to Indianapolis and was renamed to Overland Automotive Company. Its products improved significantly, although they still produced light open-body 2-seaters, equipped with 2-cylinder engines of 1.3-liter volume making 8 hp and universal-joint drive gear on rear wheels and a regular steering wheel.
This small firm also didnt manage to survive for more than two years. Big financial difficulties led Overland to the very verge of bankruptcy.
Everything would end up at that if John North Willys, a famous Maecenas merchant from Elmira. After investing big money into the company he named it after himself. For producing automobiles the company purchased the workshops of broken Pope-Toledo company and moved to Toledo, Ohio state.
Chasing the leader
For some reasons the Willys title didnt work out from the very beginning, so in 1912 the firm was renamed to Willys-Overland Company. In 1912-1913 Willys released several successful Overland cars with 3.2-liter engines, magneto-electric ignition and 2- or 3-stage gearboxes (models 58 and 59).
In 1914 the new Overland 79 equipped with 4-liter engine joined the rows of the most demanded cars of United States. That very year the company sold 80 thousand that was the highest sales-rate of these years.
Now Willys could afford to incorporate a small Edwards Knight automobile company. During the two years of its existence it managed to develop and release a big automobile titled Knight, equipped with a 4.5-liter engine making 25 hp and a 4-stage gearbox. Then in 1914 it turned into Willys-Knight Company and extended the scope of available car models, which still were produced by a different firm, named Harford, assembling automobiles for Studebaker Company.
Soon another Willys-Knight model appeared equipped with a 6-cylinder 5-liter engine. The little-known Willys-Knight Company kept the honorable 18th place on the market. In 1915 Willys took the second place after Ford for the first and the last time. That was probably the year when her last swan-song was sung.
In 1917 a big model equipped with an 8-cylinder V-shaped engine appeared; its wheelbase was over 3 meters long. But that was too cool for the market. At that time the demand for big cars decreased significantly. Until 1919 Willys assembled only one 4-cylinder car. Yet that didnt discourage the company, so in 1920 they opened a filial in England that was named Willys-Overland Crossly, which assembled automobiles equipped with American 2.4-liter engines or local Morris ones of 1.8-liter volume.
Gradually their business became steady again; after the new automobile RedBird (built 23) was released in 1923, the sales increased to a new record number of 196 thousand. Afterwards Willys never managed to break it.
Encouraged by this great success production of more powerful 6-cylinder models of 3.3 - 3.9 volume making 60 horsepower was started again in 1926; in 1926 Whippet model appeared and became the most successful and popular car. Its 2.2-liter engine stayed the main power unit of many other cars. Simultaneously the scope of other models was being broadened.
One after another numerous new models appeared in the following years: the compact economical Willys-Knight of 60 and 70 horsepower model with index 66; the luxurious elegant Great Schico and the most powerful 87-hp 66B model. At the same time Willys integrated small Stearn-Knight and Falcon-Knight firms and for some time kept on releasing cars under these brands. In 20ies Willys business went well, though of course the firm was far beneath such giants as General Motors, Chrysler and Ford. It was among the top-ten automobile companies of USA, still staying in the shadow Studebaker.
We should keep in mind only the first 3-5 companies determined the main trends of American automobile construction. As for the rest, they stayed the mass-production cars. The Willyses, being durable, reliable and quite conservative, never stood out for remarkable technologies. The primary reasons for production of such cars by this comparatively weak company were market volatility, financial troubles and, of course, the economical depression of the late 20ies.
By the beginning of 30ies only several most powerful models left in the companys product scope. Then their production gradually decreased. Over again Willys was on the verge of bankruptcy. In 1993 it produced only one model, a cheap Willys 77 with slightly curved shapes, fashionable at these times. This model was the only support for Willys right up to the beginning of war.
However it was annually modernized: its body became more aerodynamic; a synchronized gearbox was installed, plus the main hypoid gear and a hydraulic actuator for all its brakes. All these add-ons were just typical for that time, so it didnt provide Willys 77 with any advantages. Willys was still a middling car of American automobile hierarchy.
In 1936 after just another reorganization the company got a new name of Willys-Overland Motors Inc.
In 1939, following the common car trends, Willys Americar appeared. Basically it was the same car as Willys 77, only with a redesigned streamlined body, headlights fit into the front fenders, plus a rather modest radiator enclosure.
Its pity it was born too late. After the beginning of war automobile production in USA was stopped and the company changed its production priorities for the vehicles essential for US Army and US Navy. Americar was redesigned to Willys 442 pickup that was produced all during the 1942-1947 period. Simultaneously Willys 441 van with an engine making 48 horsepower was set to production since 1941.
However, though the war hampered production of streamlined automobile models, exactly a military order brought Willys world fame. And exactly the army jeep model of the war times allowed Willys to be considered one of the greatest world automobile companies.
The legendary jeep
The need for a scout all-terrain vehicle existed in American Army long before and it became even sharper after the Second World War began. After the demand appeared many car companies suggested their versions of such a vehicle, yet neither satisfied the Army. Finally on the 27th of May 1940 the headquarters of US Army set the following requirements for the cross-country vehicle they needed:
55 mph (88 km/h) maximum speed;
5 mph (8 km/h) off-road speed;
18 inches (29 cm) depth of the wade passable at the speed of 3 mph (5 km/h);
45 degree ascent slope;
35 degree descent slope;
All wheel drive;
1300 pounds (585 kilos) dry weight;
600 pounds (270 kilos) carrying capacity;
80 inches (2032 mm) wheelbase;
47 inches (1194 mm) wheel track;
6.3 inches (160 mm) ground clearance.
135 American firms got invitations for participating the tender, but only the small company Bantam managed to meet most of the project requirements listed. The initial version of the vehicle was presented on the 23rd of September 1940 and despite of the fact that it was 330 kilos heavier it was approved and the firm got an order for 70 cars.
Willys also constructed an original design of such an off-road that included all the engineering achievements of Bantam. It was presented to the army officials on the 11th of November, 1940; twelve years later Ford also presented its version. All three vehicles satisfied the requirements set, so each of the firms was ordered 1500 units, the supplies were to be started at the beginning of 1941. They were titled respectively Willys MA, Bantam 40 BRC and Ford GP.
In July 1941 US government decided to use only one car brand. Their choice was Willys MA as the best of these, but it also had to be changed considering the test drive results and the necessity of unification between different firms. Since 1942 the mass production of these vehicles began under Willys MB and Ford GPW brand-names.
The cars of these two firms were almost identical. They were equipped with a standard Willys 77 engine and a 3-stage gearbox. There were four passenger seats in these vehicles; their weight was slightly over 1 ton and they made 105 km/h top speed. Altogether Willys produced over 360 thousand jeeps these years, the greater part of which was used by Soviet Red Army.
Ford produced slightly less, about 270 thousand vehicles; as for Bantam, they produced about one thousand units of their initial 40 BRC model.
At that very time, during the war, the word jeep was created on the basis of the models title GPW. In US English the word jeep (starting with the small letter) still means exactly that military off-road model. Another interesting point is that this title of Ford model was later borrowed by Willys for developing a new car brand-name Jeep.
This army vehicle brought Willys great success and world fame. Thats why in the second half of 40ies as well as during 50ies all the companys works were actually the echoes of its great reputation. Willys clutched at its Jeep as a drowning person clutches at straws. The demand for all-wheel-drives dropped, yet the company couldnt stop after such a starting. Neither could it construct something brand new.
Its numerous after-war cargo-and-passenger and promenade automobiles were considered civic only because they werent colored khaki. Almost the same military car was released as a civic one bearing a CJ (civilian jeep) index. Initially that was CJ2 model, then CJ2A and CJ3A. The only points of difference with the initial model were some insignificant details like bigger headlights with chromium-plated rims, or Company title stamps on the back. For some versions the front-wheel drive was removed.
The Station Wagon and Jeepster models were quite similar to the military versions in terms of exterior design, although their body style was slightly refined. Jeepster was perhaps the most successful attempt to adjust a military off-road vehicle to promenade purposes.
Its transmission and front appearance were borrowed from Station Wagon model, its back fenders from cargo Jeep models. The following Station Wagon and Jeepster models were equipped with a new 6-cylinder engine (first of 2.4-liter volume making 73 hp; in 1950 2.6-liter ones making 75hp).
The post-war years.
At the beginning of 50ies Willys made a serious strategic mistake. The great success of Jeeps turned the company managements heads and they followed the simplest way of development by constructing numerous civic versions of military models, though year after year the popularity of such vehicles decreased.
The American market, untouched by the asperities of war needed not just a simplistic utilitarian vehicle, but a comfortable automobile. 5-seated sedan Willys Aero, released in 1951, was unable to meet this need and satisfy the costumers spoilt by the fashionable products of the leading US companies.
Unable to compete effectively with them, Willys decided to join another small and young, but enormously active company Kaiser Fraser, specialized in production of luxurious high-class automobiles. The amalgamation occurred in April 1953. In fact Henry J. Kaiser purchased all the property of Willys Company and actually turned it into one of divisions of Kaiser Company. This new division was titled Willys Motors, Inc.
At the beginning this alliance was favorable for both companies. Kaiser got an opportunity to extend production of their 140-horsepower model, while Willys could use effectively Kaiser engines. For example, Station Wagon 685 model was equipped with Kaiser engine making 117 hp.
Improved C5 and C6 models superseded military C2 and C3 Jeeps; civic versions of C5 and C6 were developed straight away. In 1954 a Brazilian branch Willys Overland do Brasil was established and started assembling the same Jeep models and some Kaiser ones.
The commercial manipulations and reorganizations took much money, but proved to be ineffective. The state of Willys gradually got even worse. In 1955 production of Kaiser series was stopped; and so did production of Willys own Aero models since 1956. Again Wyllis was left alone with its Jeeps and kept on producing variations of the military model. Since 1863 the company name was changed to Kaiser-Jeep Corporation and all its automobiles were bearing the Jeep brand name. This was Willys brand vanished in USA.
The bad heritage of Willys also affected Kaiser Company. In 60ies it kept on releasing AWD automobiles and even constructed a more comfortable cargo-and-passenger Wagoneer off-road. Besides Kaiser kept on modernizing Jeepster series.
Jeepster Commando model was its response to the demand for sport-utility AWD cars in the market. Following the bad example of Willys they stuck together a new model from two existing ones Jeep CJ and Jeep Wagoneer and positioned it in the market as a universal AWD family car.
However Kaiser was already unable to keep its independence. In 1970 Kaiser-Jeep became a division of American Motors Corporation (AMC) and was renamed to Jeep Corporation.
What is surprising is that production of descendants of the famous Jeep wasnt ceased and moreover in 1972 American Motors released the following model of Jeepster Commando series. Increasing the control over its new division American Motors removed the word Jeepster from its title and changed the front design of the car. The car lost its distinctive look and wasnt accepted by the costumers. In 1973 production of Commando series was stopped.
Brazilian Willys existed slightly longer than American. Initially it thrived through batch production of Aeros, which completely satisfied the less exigent demand of Brazilian costumers. They also constructed a Brazilian Jeep titled Rural Willys.
In 1962 Aero series was modernized. The new automobiles got more up-to-date bodies and 6-cylinder engines with 2 carburetors, diesel was another option. At the same time Brazilian Willys started assembling French Renault automobiles. New sporty Willys Interlagos was born as a result of this cooperation, built on the basis of Renault Alpine.
The best achievement of this branch was comfortable 6-seated Willys Itamarata Executivo equipped with a 3-liter engine making 132 horsepower.
From the very beginning the Brazilian branch of Wyllis released around 65-75 thousand automobiles annually and it would probably prosper if not the weakness of Wyllis headquarters in America that lost its power year after year. Kaiser-Jeep was unable to provide for its foreign division so since 1967 it became dependent on Ford Company.
By 1972 it was through with Wyllis automobiles in Brazil. Aero was its only reminiscent, but it was released under Ford brand. This way Willys trademark completely vanished from automobile world.
As for AMC it was integrated by Chysler Company after its bankruptcy that produces the successor of famous Jeep Jeep Wrangler model, the popularity of which didnt any decrease till now.
For 60 years Willys existed in its native country. And in fact it didnt construct anything worthwhile, save the epochal Jeep, always playing the second roles. However Jeeps made the company world-famous that was just enough for reckoning it among the most prominent automobile firms, made the enormous contribution to development of world motor car construction.
Wyllis History
|
|